Fitting an Intrauterine Device or Intrauterine System - Podcast Version TeachMeObGyn 0:00 / 0:00 1x 0.25x 0.5x 0.75x 1x 1.25x 1.5x 1.75x 2x The intrauterine device and intrauterine system are both long acting reversible contraceptives that are fitted inside the uterus: Intrauterine device (IUD) – refers to the copper coil. It releases copper, which makes the uterus an unfavourable environment for sperm. The IUD is also thought to create an endometrial inflammatory reaction, inhibiting implantation if fertilisation has already occurred. Intrauterine system (IUS) – refers to levonorgestrel-releasing coils, such as the Mirena® coil. It thins the endometrium (preventing implantation), and thickens cervical mucus (inhibiting sperm movement through the cervix). These contraceptives are over 99% effective, but do not offer any protection against sexually transmitted infections. In this article, we shall look at the procedure, indications and contraindications to fitting an intrauterine device or intrauterine system. Pro Feature - 3D Model You've Discovered a TeachMeObGyn Pro Feature Access our 3D Model Library Explore, cut, dissect, annotate and manipulate our 3D models to visualise anatomy in a dynamic, interactive way. Learn More Procedure The IUD and IUS can be fitted at any point during the menstrual cycle: Intrauterine device – provides contraception immediately after insertion. Intrauterine system – only effective immediately if fitted within the first 7 days of the menstrual cycle. If fitted at any other time, another form of contraception is advised for 1 week. The procedure takes around 20 minutes to complete. A bimanual examination is performed (to assess for normal uterine anatomy), and a speculum inserted to visualise the cervix. A cervical dilator/sizer is passed through the cervix. A small plastic T-shaped device is then pushed through the cervix into the uterus, where it remains. The strings attached to the IUD/IUS are cut so that they remain in the vagina. This allows the woman to check periodically to ensure the device has not been expelled. Note: A sexually transmitted infection screen is usually performed two weeks before the device is fitted (recent exposure to an STI is an absolute contraindication). Adapted from work by VeeBabzel [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons Fig 1Schematic of the copper coil within the uterus, and image of visible IUD strings on speculum examination. Indications The intrauterine device and intrauterine system are mainly indicated for use as a contraceptive. They are particularly suitable for women who often miss pills, or those who want long-lasting birth control. Additional Indications Intrauterine Device (Copper coil) Intrauterine System (Mirena®) Can be used as emergency contraception, effective if fitted within 5 days of unprotected sex. Used as first line therapy in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding. Used as a second line treatment option for dysmenorrhoea (although not licensed for this indication). Contraindications The absolute contraindications for the fitting of an IUS or IUD include: Infection: History of pelvic inflammatory disease Recent exposure to a sexually transmitted infection Recent infection of the uterus (e.g. septic abortion, post-partum endometritis). Current pregnancy or up to 4-weeks post-partum Uterine structural abnormalities (e.g. bicornuate uterus) Current gynaecological malignancy Current unexplained vaginal bleeding Allergy to copper (IUD only) In addition, the intrauterine system has the following contraindications (these are similar to the contraindications for other progesterone contraceptives): Current DVT or PE Current liver disease History of breast cancer Advantages and Disadvantages It is important to fully counsel the woman about the advantages and disadvantages of the intrauterine device or intrauterine system: Advantages Disadvantages Very effective contraceptive. Fertility usually returns to normal as soon as the IUD/IUS is removed. Can be fitted at any stage of the cycle. Can be used by women who are breastfeeding. Can be used in (most) women for whom the COCP is contraindicated. Mirena coil often produces lighter, less painful periods. Copper coil is suitable for women who do not want to use hormonal contraception. No protection against STIs. Risk of ascending or iatrogenic infection. Risk of uterine perforation at the time of fitting. Risk of the body expelling the IUD/IUS. The copper coil may make periods heavier and more painful. There will most likely be an “adjustment period” after insertion of the coil which may consist of irregular bleeding for up to 6 months. Insertion of the coil can be painful. Although the risk of pregnancy is lower, there is a higher risk that any pregnancy will be ectopic. Increased risk of seizures in epileptics at the time of cervical dilation. Do you think you’re ready? Take the quiz below Pro Feature - Quiz Fitting an Intrauterine Device or Intrauterine System Question 1 of 3 Submitting... Skip Next Rate question: You scored 0% Skipped: 0/3 More Questions Available Upgrade to TeachMeObGyn Pro Test your knowledge with a wide range of high-quality multiple-choice questions. 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